Analysis of the Total Level of Flavonoids in the Brown Algae ( Phaeophyceae ) Extract as Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Drugs

Abstract Objective: To determine the total level of flavonoids in brown algae extract Padina sp., Sargassum sp., and Turbinaria sp., which could serve as an analgesic and anti-inflammatory drug. Material and Methods: This is an experimental study with a one-shot case study research design. The study sample consisted of three species of brown algae, namely, Padina sp., Sargassum sp., and Turbinaria sp. The study samples were obtained from Saugi Island, Pangkep, Regency. The sampling method used was convenience sampling. The total flavonoid level in the three extracts of brown algae samples was determined at three concentrations (150 ppm, 300 ppm, and 450 ppm) with three replicates. The analysis used a colorimetric method, a spectrophotometer and aluminium chloride as the reagent. Results: The total level of flavonoids in Padina sp. was the highest at 0.894 ± 0.027%, compared to the levels of 0.786 ± 0.075% in Sargassum sp. and 0.745 ± 0.016% in Turbinaria sp. Conclusion: Padina sp. had the highest total flavonoid levels compared to Sargassum sp. and Turbinaria sp. Flavonoid compounds from brown algae have the potential to be used as analgesic and anti-inflammatory drugs.

Biologically Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles for Enhancing Tetracycline Activity Against Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae

Abstract Phytochemical content of plant extracts can be used effectively to reduce the metal ions to nanoparticles in one-step green synthesis process. In this study, six plant extracts were used for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Biologically synthesized AgNPs was characterized using UV-Vis Spectrophotometer, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The individual and combined effects of AgNPs and tetracycline against S. aureus and K. pneumoniae were assessed. Ginger, onion and sidr extracts supported AgNPs formation while arak, garlic and mint extracts failed to convert the silver ions to AgNPs. The present findings revealed significant differences between the tested plant extracts in supporting AgNPs synthesis. AgNPs synthesized by ginger showed the highest individual and combined activity against tested strains followed by AgNPs prepared by sidr then that synthesized by onion. AgNPs significantly enhanced tetracycline activity (p≤0.05) against S. aureus and K. pneumoniae. The results of this study demonstrated that the combination of tetracycline and biologically synthesized AgNPs presented a useful therapeutically method for the treatment of bacterial infection and counterattacking bacterial resistance.

Evaluation of the Color Matching of Composite Resin Restoration used for Repair with Initial Composite Resin Restoration

Objective: To investigate the color matching of the composite resin used for repaired with initial composite resin restoration after the aging process. Material and Methods: After preparation of 30 composite resin samples, their color were determined using the spectrophotometer four times and the average was recorded. After the initial aging, the color of the samples was measured again. Then, the repair process was performed with an appropriate composite resin color for each sample and the aging process was performed again. After the second aging, the color of the initial and the repaired composite resins were measured. Then, the data were analyzed by paired T-test. The level of significance was set at 5%. Results: The color difference of the initial composite resin between before and after initial aging, as well as the color difference of repaired composite resins between before and after second aging, were significant (p<0.001). Also, after the second aging, the color difference between initial and repaired composite resin restoration were significant (p<0.001). Conclusion: The color matching of the repaired composite resin with the initial one is not acceptable. In this way, replacement of initial composite suggested instead of repaired.

Avaliação da correlação entre as cores de dentes artificiais de diferentes marcas comerciais / Evaluation of the correlation between the color of artificial teeth from different brands

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a correlação entre as cores nomeadas com identificações iguais de dentes artificiais de resina acrílica de diferentes marcas comerciais. Foram selecionadas cinco marcas: Vipi Dent Plus (VIPI), Biolux OMC (VIPI), Biocler G II (Dentbrás), Natus Dent (Dentbrás) e Tritone (VIPI), todas utilizando o mesmo padrão de nomenclatura. De cada marca comercial foram utilizadas as cores: 60, 62, 65, 66, 67 e 69. Para realizar as comparações de cor foi utilizado o aparelho espectrofotômetro Vita Easy Shade. Após três medições de cada cor, foi obtida a média das leituras, todas realizadas no centro do dente, no mesmo horário e com fundo cinza claro padronizado. Assim, os valores de L*, a* e b* foram obtidos. Esses valores foram tabulados para cálculos do ∆E, onde ∆E< ou = 3 representa diferença de cor significativa e perceptível. Observou-se correlação entre as marcas comerciais na cor 60 Biocler GII e Natus Dent (ΔE= 3); Biocler GII e Tritone (ΔE= 2,87), cor 62 Biolux OMC e Natus Dent (ΔE=1,33), cor 67 Natus Dent e Tritone (ΔE=2,06) e Tritone e Vipi Dent Plus (ΔE=1,92). Concluiu-se que os resultados demonstraram poucas correlações entre as marcas avaliadas e as correlações existentes não ocorreram de forma igual para todas as cores, dificultando o sucesso dos tratamentos protéticos, assim como a comunicação entre o cirurgião dentista e o técnico em prótese dentária...

The objective of this study was to evaluate the correlation between colors of artificial acrylic resin teeth from different brands with the same name and identification. Five brands were selected: Vipi Dent Plus (VIPI), Biolux WTO (VIPI), Biocler G II (Dentbrás), Natus Dent (Dentbrás), and Tritone (VIPI), all using the same naming pattern. The used colors from each brand were: 60, 62, 65, 66, 67, and 69. To perform comparisons of color the Vita Easy Shade spectrophotometer was used. After three measurements of each color a mean was obtained All readings were performed on the central area of the tooth, at the same time and with clear standard gray background, obtaining the values of L*, a*, and b*. These values were tabulated for ΔE calculations, where ΔE < or = 3 represented significant and noticeable color difference. There is a correlation between the trademarks in color 60 Biocler GII and Natus Dent (ΔE = 3); Biocler GII and Tritone (ΔE = 2.87), color 62 Biolux WTO and Natus Dent (ΔE = 1.33), color 67 Natus Dent and Tritone (ΔE = 2.06), and Tritone and Vipi Dent Plus (ΔE = 1, 92). It was concluded that the results showed little correlation between the evaluated brands and correlation did not occur equally to all colors, hindering the success of prosthetic treatments as well as communication between the dental surgeon and dental technician...

Análise instrumental da cor através de fotografias digitais após clareamento dentário / Instrumental color analysis using digital photography after tooth bleaching

O propósito deste estudo foi avaliar a efetividade do clareamento dentário através da análise instrumental da cor utilizando fotografias digitais. 54 pacientes foram divididos em três grupos: GI (peróxido de hidrogênio a 35%+ LED), GII (peróxido de hidrogênio a 35%+cálcio) e GIII (peróxido de hidrogênio a 15%+ LED). A cor foi aferida de forma instrumental, através de um espectrofotômetro (VITA Easyshade) e de fotografias digitais (programa Adobe Photoshop) e subjetiva, com as escalas VITAPAN Classical e VITA 3D Master. Foram realizadas duas sessões de clareamento e todos os protocolos seguiram as recomendações dos fabricantes dos produtos. Foi aplicado um questionário visual de avaliação de sensibilidade dentária como forma de validar a segurança dos tratamentos. Os grupos foram comparados pelo teste t de Student, com nível de confiança de 95% (p < 0,05), ANOVA e teste de Tukey. Os resultados dos valores de CIELab* não apresentaram diferenças estatisticamente significativas para L*(p = 0,68) e b*(p = 0,09), mas sim para a*(p < 0,01) na comparação entre a análise da cor aferida pelas fotografias digitais e o espectrofotômetro. Em todos os grupos houve uma redução significativa no tom amarelado (∆b) e aumento da luminosidade (∆L) demonstrando a efetividade do clareamento. Houve maior sensibilidade no Grupo I (p = 0,002). A aferição da cor através de fotografias digitais se constituiu em um instrumento adequado para avaliar a efetividade do clareamento dentário quando comparada com o espectrofotômetro. No entanto deve ser utilizada em conjunto com outros métodos de mensuração já consolidados na rotina clínica...

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of tooth bleaching by instrumental color analysis using digital photographs. 54 patients were divided into three groups: GI (hydrogen peroxide 35% + LED) GII (hydrogen peroxide 35% + calcium) and GIII (hydrogen peroxide 15% + LED). The color was assessed in instrumental form, through a spectrophotometer (VITA Easyshade) and digital photos (Adobe Photoshop program) and subjective, with the scales VITAPAN Classical and VITA 3D Master. There were two sessions of bleaching and all protocols followed the recommendations of the manufacturers of the products. A visual evaluation questionnaire of tooth sensitivity as a way to validate the safety of the treatments was applied. The groups were compared using the Student t test, with a confidence level of 95% (p <0.05), ANOVA and Tukey test. The results of the CIELab* values showed no statistically significant differences in L* (p = 0.68) and b * (p = 0.09), but to a * (p <0.01) when comparing the analysis of color measured by digital photographs and the spectrophotometer. In all groups there was a significant reduction in yellowness (∆b) and increased brightness (∆L) demonstrating the effectiveness of whitening. There was more sensitive in Group I (p= 0.002). Gauging the color using digital photography became an appropriate tool to evaluate the effectiveness of tooth whitening as compared with the spectrophotometer. However it should be used in conjunction with other measurement methods already established in clinical routine...

Evaluación de la peptona papaínica de corazón de res para el enriquecimiento selectivo de Enterococcus / Evaluation of beef heart papainic peptone for selective enrichment of Enterococcus

Introducción: el control microbiológico de aguas y alimentos ha motivado el desarrollo de medios de cultivo selectivos capaces de detectar Enterococcus, los cuales necesitan de una fuente de energía apropiada para garantizar la recuperación de estos. Objetivos: comparar diferentes bases nutritivas elaboradas a partir de productos y subproductos alimenticios según su capacidad de promoción de crecimiento del género Enterococcus y evaluar la exactitud del medio de cultivo caldo azida dextrosa. Métodos: para el ensayo se seleccionaron 80 cepas de diferentes géneros. Se prepararon dos variantes experimentales del caldo azida dextrosa (una tamponada) y se inocularon los microorganismos seleccionados a una concentración estandarizada. El incremento de la biomasa se determinó midiendo la densidad óptica en un espectrofotómetro a 640 nm cada una hora. La evaluación microbiológica del medio de cultivo se realizó utilizando diferentes géneros microbianos a distintas concentraciones. Se determinó la sensibilidad, especificidad, exactitud diagnóstica y relativa y el índice Kappa del diagnosticador. Como medio de referencia se utilizó el caldo azida glucosa proveniente de la firma comercial Merck (Alemania). ..

Introduction: microbiological control of water and food has motivated the development of selective culture media capable of detecting Enterococcus, which need an appropriate source of energy to ensure the recovery of microorganisms. Objectives: compare different nutrient bases produced from food products and by-products according to their growth promotion capacity for the genus Enterococcus, and evaluate the accuracy of dextrose azide broth culture medium. Methods: eighty strains of different genera were selected for the test. Two experimental variants of dextrose azide broth were prepared (one buffered) and the microorganisms selected were inoculated at a standardized concentration. Biomass increase was determined by measuring optical density in a spectrophotometer at 640 nm every 1 h. Microbiological evaluation of the culture medium was carried out using different microbial genera at different concentrations. Diagnostic and relative sensitivity, specificity and accuracy, and the Kappa index were determined for the culture medium. Glucose azide broth (Merck, Germany)ss production than the other genera...

Formation of biofilm by Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 19112 at different incubation temperatures and concentrations of sodium chloride

Biofilm formation can lead to various consequences in the food processing line such as contamination and equipment breakdowns. Since formation of biofilm can occur in various conditions; this study was carried out using L. monocytogenes ATCC 19112 and its biofilm formation ability tested under various concentrations of sodium chloride and temperatures. Cultures of L. monocytogenes ATCC 19112 were placed in 96-well microtitre plate containing concentration of sodium chloride from 1-10% (w/v) and incubated at different temperature of 4 ºC, 30 ºC and 45 ºC for up to 60 h. Absorbance reading of crystal violet staining showed the density of biofilm formed in the 96-well microtitre plates was significantly higher when incubated in 4 ºC. The formation of biofilm also occurs at a faster rate at 4 ºC and higher optical density (OD 570 nm) was observed at 45 ºC. This shows that storage under formation of biofilm that may lead to a higher contamination along the processing line in the food industry. Formation of biofilm was found to be more dependent on temperature compared to sodium chloride stress.

Pré-tratamento da superfície de esmalte bovino (Flúor, CPP-ACP, Laser Nd: YAG + Flúor) antes de um clareamento de consultório. Efeitos sobre a morfologia, a microdureza e a cor do esmalte / Pre-treatment of the surface of bovine enamel (fluoride, CPP-ACP, and Nd: YAG laser + fluoride) before an office whitening. Effects on morphology, microhardness and color enamel

o clareamento dental oferece uma opção de tratamento conservador, seguro e eficiente para aqueles pacientes insatisfeitos com a cor dos seus dentes. Entretanto, o baixo pH inicial dos agentes clareadores pode causar perda de estrutura levando à alteração na microdureza e na morfologia do esmalte. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a influência dos pré-tratamentos da superfície de esmalte dental bovino com Flúor, CPP-ACP ou laser de Nd:YAG associado ao flúor realizados 24 horas antes do clareamento de consultório, avaliando-se: a morfologia, a microdureza e a alteração de cor do esmalte dental. Sessenta e quatro incisivos bovinos foram preparados de acordo com a análise para a qual eles foram submetidos. Quatro dentes foram preparados para MEV, vinte dentes para a microdureza e quarenta dentes para a análise de cor. Todos eles tiveram suas raízes removidas a 2 mm do limite amelodentinário e blocos de esmalte foram cortados e depois planificados e polidos com lixas de carbureto de silício de granulação decrescente (#400, 600, 1200 e 4000). Após o polimento, os blocos de esmalte foram submetidos aos pré-tratamentos de superfície com flúor, CPP-ACP e laser de Nd:YAG associado ao flúor e 24 horas depois eles foram clareados com peróxido de hidrogênio a 35% conforme técnica de clareamento de consultório. A avaliação do esmalte dental bovino submetido à ação do clareamento quanto à microdureza e à alteração de cor, foi realizada através do microdurômetro e espectrofotômetro, respectivamente no início e após o clareamento. Uma leitura intermediária foi feita imediatamente após os pré-tratamentos de superfície de esmalte e outra imediatamente após o clareamento. Duas amostras de cada grupo (n=2) foram confeccionadas para a Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura para observação da morfologia da superfície do esmalte. Quanto à microdureza os seguintes resultados foram encontrados: G1

The bleaching offers a conservative, safe and effective for patients dissatisfied with color of your teeth. However, the low initial pH of bleaching agents can cause loss of structure leading to change in morphology, microhardness of enamel. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of pre-treatments on surface of bovine enamel with fluoride, CPP-ACP or laser Nd: YAG laser associated with fluoride applied 24 h before the whitening, dental evaluating: morphology, microhardness and color change of enamel. Sixty-four bovine incisors were prepared according to analysis for which they were submiUed. Four teeth were prepared for morphologic analysis, twenty teeth were prepared for microhardness and forty teeth were prepared for analyze color change. They ali had their roots removed 2 mm dentinoenamel junction and enamel blocks were cut and then planned and polished with silicon carbide abrasive paper of decreasing grain (# 400, 600, 1200 and 4000). After polishing, the enamel blocks were subjected to surface treatment with fluoride, CPP-ACP and laser Nd: YAG laser associated with fluoride and after 24 h they were bleached with hydrogen peroxide 35% as bleaching technique office. Evaluation of bovine enamel subjected to action of bleaching on microhardness and color change was accomplished through the microhardness tester and spectrophotometer, respectively, before and after bleaching. An intermediate reading was made immediately after the pretreatment of enamel surface. Another reading was made immediately after bleaching. Two especimes of each group (n = 2) were prepared for scanning electron microscopy to morphology of enamel surface. The microhardness of following results were found: G1 - 287.7± 25.78; 279.70 ± 21.04; 206.20 ± 13.14; 242.30 ± 19.28; G2 - 260.90 ± 17.57; 269.40 ± 29.74; 248.80 ± 30.33; 260.40 ± 24.41; G3 - 274.40 ± 38.29; 275.90 ± 33.94; 245.90 ±

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Cor sem mistérios para o clínico / Color management for the clinician

A observação e interpretação da cor dos dentes têm se tornado um desafio proporcionalmente maior na medida em que os materiais dentários passam por um processo de sofisticação. As primeiras resinas compostas pasta/pasta apresentavam uma diminuta variedade de cores com uma opacidade intermediária. Apesar disso, os resultados eram satisfatórios. Para os pacientes, o que valia era livrarem-se das restaurações metálicas, substituindo-as por algo com a "cor do dente': Com a introdução de materiais cerâmicos e resinas compostas com uma ampla gama de alternativas quanto às cores e à translucidez/opacidade, a seleção da cor correta tornou-se complexa. Isso foi acompanhado por uma mudança na percepção e exigência de muitos pacientes que desejam restaurações com aspecto natural e que sejam imperceptíveis. Some-se ao aspecto cor a importância que a forma e a textura da superfície apresentam no resultado final de qualquer trabalho restaurador estético. Este artigo objetiva desenvolver esses temas e apresentar um protocolo para o processo de seleção da cor.

Teeth shade determination and interpretation has become a greater challenge as dental materiais underwent an impressive aesthetic enhancement. When composites were first introduced, they presented a small variety of colors and only one intermediate translucency. Nevertheless, the results were satisfactory. At that time, patients were glad as they were able to get rid of the unpleasant metallic restorations and replace them with a "tooth-colored" material. Nowadays, after the introduction of ceramic materiais and composites with a wide range of alternatives regarding color and translucency, shade matching has become more intricate. Pa- tients are also more demanding. They desire natural-Iooking and "invisible" restorations. Besides color, restoration shape and surface texture also contribute to the aesthetic result. This article aims to discuss these topics and also present a protocol to help clinicians during shade matching procedures.

Evaluación de espectrofotómetros para la elaboración de material de referencia empleado en la calibración y el control de la determinación de hemoglobina / Evaluation of spectrophotometers for the preparation of reference material used in the calibration and control of the determination of hemoglobin

Debido a la variabilidad de resultados entre laboratorios en las determinaciones de hemoglobina, se debe promover la implantación de sistemas de garantía de la calidad para generar confianza en los resultados. A fin de aportar elementos para su establecimiento, se realizó una evaluación instrumental de espectrofotómetros y se preparó un lote de controles y calibradores de hemoglobina siguiendo protocolos internacionales. Después de elaborar el material, se monitoreó homogeneidad (CV calibrador: 0,33 por ciento, control: 0,38 por ciento) y estabilidad (CV calibrador: 0,13 por ciento, control: 0,90 por ciento). La evaluación instrumental demostró la condición óptima de los espectrofotómetros (exactitud de la longitud de onda 100 por ciento, inexactitud fotométrica 0,9 por ciento y 1,2 por ciento, CV precisión fotométrica 0,25 por ciento, respuesta lineal con K2Cr2O7) lo que permitió su empleo para asignar valores al material preparado, que fue útil para el control de la determinación de hemoglobina. Esto constituye un aporte al desempeño del laboratorio y contribuye a la emisión de resultados confiables

On account of the variability of results observed between laboratories in hemoglobin determinations, the installation of quality assurance systems should be promoted to generate confidence on laboratory results. In order to contribute with elements for the establishment of these systems we realized an instrumental evaluation of photometric equipment and prepared a regular lot of hemoglobin standards and controls following international protocols. After the elaboration, we monitored the homogeneity (VC standard: 0.33 percent, control: 0.38 percent) and stability (VC standard: 0.13 percent, control: 0.90 percent). The instrumental evaluation showed the optimal condition of the photometric equipment (wave length accuracy 100 percent, photometric inaccuracy 0.9 percent y 1.2 percent, VC photometric precision 0.25 percent, lineal response with K2Cr2O7), this allowed its employment for the value assignation of the material, that was useful for the daily practice of hemoglobin determination. This constitutes a contribution to the performance of clinical laboratory and contributes with the emission of reliable results

Níveis iônicos e enzimáticos de cutias (Dasyprocta sp.) hígidas, criadas em cativeiro, influência do sexo e da idade / Ion and enzymatic levels of healthy agouti (Dasyprocta sp.) raised in captivit. Influence of gender and age

Determinou-se o perfil do ionograma e enzimas hepáticas de cutias (Dasyprocta sp.) saudáveis, criadas em cativeiro, como também se avaliou a influência de sexo, idade e interação sexo-idade. Foi adotado um delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, em arranjo fatorial 2 x 4 (dois sexos e quatro faixas etárias), com três repetições, totalizando 24 cutias. Foram determinados os valores para o cálcio (Ca), fósforo (P), cloretos (Cl), aspartato aminotransferase (AST), alanina aminotransferase (ALT), fosfatase alcalina (FA) e gama-glutamiltransferase (GGT). Os valores médios obtidos foram: Ca= 7,62+2,59mg/dl; P= 3,91+1,41mg/dl; Cl= 58,63+16,45mg/dl; AST= 119,54+79,35UI/ml; ALT= 28,08+15,53UI/ml; FA= 26,95+14,01UI/ml e GGT= 25,34+19,44UI/ml. O valor de P foi maior nas fêmeas e da FA nos machos. Os níveis de FA diminuíram com o aumento da idade.

This research studied the profile of the ionogram and hepatic enzymes of healthy agoutis (Dasyprocta sp.) raised in captivity as well as evaluated the influence of gender, age and interaction gender-age. It was used a completely randomized design, in a factorial arrangement of 2 x 4 (two genders and four age groups), with three repetitions, totaling 24 agoutis. The values were determined for calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), chlorides (Cl), aspartate aminotransaminase (AST), alanine aminotransaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT). The mean values were: Ca= 7.62±2.59mg/dl; P= 3.91±1.41mg/dl; Cl= 58.63±16,45mg/dl; AST= 119.54±79.35UI/ml; ALT= 28.08±15.53UI/ml; ALP= 26.95±14.01UI/ml, and GGT= 25.34±19.44UI/ml. The value of P was larger in females and ALP in males. As the age increased, levels of ALP decreased.